Matter in our surroundings – Class IX – In-text Solution (Part 1)

(Answers of In-text Question in NCERT Science Text Page 3)

1. Which of the following are matter ? – Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of perfume.

Ans : Chair, Air, Almonds, Cold-drink are matters as they occupy space & have mass.

2. Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.

Ans:

• Smell of anything  reaches to us because of diffusion of gases coming from it.
• The rate of diffusion increases with increase in temperature. This happens because of higher kinetic energy due to higher temperature. That is why smell of hot sizzling food reaches to us from several feet away.
• On the other hand, the kinetic energy of gases produced from cold food is low because of lower temperature. Due to this, we need to move closer to a cold food to take its smell.

3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of mater does this observation show?

Ans:

• Water is also a matter.
• Particles of matter have space between them and in case of fluids, the space between the particles is large enough.
• Due to this it becomes easier for a diver to cut through water in a swimming pool.

4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

Ans: Characteristics of the particles of matter:

• The particles of matter have space between them.
• The particles of matter are moving constantly.
• The particles of matter attract one another.

Adult Education – (Class IX English)

Personal View

I personally believe adult education is very important.  Some people in their early age did not get chance for learning, but if they get opportunity to get educated they can fulfil their dream to study and can discover their life in a new way. Adult education makes them more up-to-date and self-reliant. Many illiterate adults often think themselves as incapable of learning at their age, but education has no age bar. Educating the adults not only helps them to be independed but also helps them to differentiate between what is good and what is bad.

In olden times people did not send their girl child to school, the young girls were made to work in the home and were married very early. Sending the girls to school, the people believed will make her a “widow”. But after several reforms in the British period for “women education”, the uneducated woman’s started sending their girl child to school. But the learning dream of those uneducated women’s stays unfulfilled. They can get a chance for fulfilling their dreams of learning through the process of adult education.

During the British period, children of many poor peasants didn’t get a chance to learn, as they had to help their parents in the work. At Independence (in 1947), India’s literacy rates were 12.2% and today according to the 2011 census the literacy rates has risen high to 74%.  This clearly shows that India’s literacy rates are growing constantly, but still a large percent of adults are illiterate.  In a complex modern democracy like India, citizens must be educated, they should know about the things happening around, like corruption & terror. So in order to educate the adults, adult education, I believe is necessity.

Websites Referred:

• http://www.meritnation.com/
• http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/india/rapport_2_2_1.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_education
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India

Negative Aspects of Adult Education

• The problems faced by the adults in education are the only major negative aspect of Adult Education, which include :-

1. Advancements in technologies cannot be used effectively by adult learners easily.
2. Emotional & Physical problems will be more for an Adult learner when studying.
3. Academic Calenders & routines are often incompatible with their work schedules.
4. Life situations can be obstacles in the performance of adult learners.

Positive Aspects of Adult Education

• Some adults spend much of their time to take rest, but if they are engaged in learning,  they not only get educated but also can have fun & friends.
• Research shows that older people who keep their brain active suffer less memory-type diseases, so education helps them as their brain is actively used.
• If the adults are busy in some creative jobs i.e. learning, they will never feel boring rather they will feel happy & healthy.

Steps of measures taken by the government to promote Adult Education

• The Department of  School Education & Literacy under the Ministry for Human Resource Development has introduced several policies & programmes  for the promotion of adult education .
• National Literacy Mission (NLM), that was launched in 1988 to impart functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 15-35 years in a time bound manner.  It had made 127.45 million persons literate,  It led to an increase of 12.63% in literacy during 1991-2001 – the highest increase in any decade.
• Government of India, has been providing support to Voluntary Agencies (VA),  which encourages innovation and creativity in literacy and continuing education. It includes establishment of State Resource Centres for technical and academic support to adult education.
• Jan Shikshan Sansthans, on the other hand, provide vocational education skill development training to those having no or rudimentary level of education.

Websites Referred: http://mhrd.gov.in/ 

Complete Speech

In a complex modern democracy like India, education is essential, citizens must be able to know about the things happening around, and moreover should be able to differentiate between what is good and what is bad.  Unfortunately,  our nation has the largest number of illiterate adults, about 287 million adults in India are illiterate. Therefore, the need of adult education in India is clearly a critical problem.

Education makes adults more up-to-date and self-reliant, and therefore opens a new world of freedom to them.  By involving in learning activities, adults will never feel boring  rather they will feel more healthy & happy. Education has no age bar and no limits, so even the oldest person can learn anything, if he wishes. For promoting adult education in India, the government has introduced several programmes, which has resulted in the increase of adult literacy from 12% in 1947 to 74% in 2011.  Therefore, I conclude my speech by a saying a quote – “Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom.”

सुरदास (1478-1583)

सुर दास का सन् 1478 में रुनकता क्षेत्र में हुआ | वह कृष्ण के बक्त थे | वे जन्मान्ध थे | उनके काव्य की सजीवता को देख कर कही विद्वान उनकी जन्मान्धता पर विश्वास नहीं करते | 105 वर्ष जीने के बाद सन् 1583 में उनका स्वर्गवास हो गया |

भाषा-शैली –उनके भाषा में अलंकारों, काव्य-गुणों का ऐसा सहज समावेश है कि उनकी भाषा पाठक के मन को गहरे तक रसमग्न कर देती है |

रचनाएँ– “सूरसागर”,“सुर सारावली” एवं “साहित्य लहरी” इनकी प्रमुख रचनायें हैं|

सुर  के पद

मैया कबहिं बढैगी चोटी।
किती बार मोहि दूध पियत भई, यह अजहूँ छोटी।
तू जो कहति बल की बेनी ज्यौं, व्है लांबी मोटी।
काढत-गुहत न्हवावत जैसे नागिनी-सी भुई लोटी।
काचौ दूध पियावत पचि-पचि, देति ना माखन रोटी।
सूरज चिरजीवी दोउ भैया, हरि-हलधर की जोटी।।

कबीर दास (1398-1518)

Kabir Das

कबीर दास भक्ति-काल के सन्त कवि और समाज सुधारक थे। कहा जाता हे कि उनका जन्म सन् 1398 में वाराणसी में हुआ था | कबीरदास भक्ति-काल के महानतम कवियों में से एक थे। कहा जाता हे कि उनकी माता, एक ब्राह्मण विधवा थी लेकिन माँ ने लोक-लज्जा के भय से उनको कशी के लहरताला नामक तालाब के किनारे छोड़ दिया था | नीरू और नीमा नामक मुस्लिम दम्पति ने उनका पालन-पोषण किया | कबीर ने अपने लम्बे जीवन में बहुत कुछ जाना, बहुत कुछ देखा और बहुत कुछ सुना | उन के पास पठित ज्ञान नहीं था, बल्कि श्रुत ज्ञान था | उनका जीवन 120 वर्ष सन् 1518 में वे परलोक सिधारे |

भाषा-शैली – कबीर की भाषा अनमेल खिचड़ी है | उसमें राजस्थानी, पनजाबी, अरबी-फ़ारसी, गुजराती आदि शब्दों का मिल-जुला प्रयोग है |

रचनाएँ – कबीर की सभी रचनाएँ कबीर-ग्रंथावली में संकलित हैं | बीजक, रमैनी और सबद नाम से उनके तीन काव्य-संग्रह हैं |

कबीर के दोहे

जाती न पूछो साधू की, पूछ लीजो ज्ञान |
मोल करो तलवार का, पङी रहन दो म्यान ॥1॥

दुख में सुमिरन सब करे, सुख में करे न कोय।
जो सुख में सुमिरन करे, तो दुख काहे होय॥2॥

The United Nations

The Establishment of The United Nations

The U.N. Logo

With  the  attack  of  Germany  on  Poland  on  September  1,  1939,  the  Second  World  War  broke  out.  It  lasted  nearly  six  years  and  came  to  an  end  in  Europe  with  the  unconditional  surrender  of  Japan  on  August  14,  1945.  The  war  was  fought  between  the  allied  powers,  i.e.  the  United  Kingdom,  the  USA,  the  USSR,  France  and  a  good  number  of  other  countries  on  one -side  and  the  Axis  Powers,  i.e.  Germany,  Italy,  and  Japan  on  the  other-side.  It  was  a  total  war  and  it  gradually  engulfed  the  whole  world.  It  stirred  the  conscience  of  mankind  and  the  cry  went  forth  from  the  hearts  of  the  suffering  humanity. – ‘Never  again ‘ – There  grew  up  a  deep  and  universal  feeling  that  the  establishment  of  a  new  international  organisation  was  essential  to  save  the  world  from  the  suffrage  of  war  and  that  feelings  gave  shape  to   THE  UNITED  NATIONS.

The  failure  of  the  League  of  Nations  to  prevent  war  and  to  promote  peace  strengthened  the  need  for  a  collective  security  system.  During  the  world  war,  many  meetings  conferences,  declarations  were  held,  which  laid  down  the  basic  principles  of  the  U.N.

U.N.  is  based  on  the  principle  of   free  co – operation  of  its  members.  the  primary  objective  of  the  UN  is  maintenance  of  peace  and  security  in  the  world.  On  26  June  1945,  51  nations  signed  the  charter  of  the  United  Nations  at  San  Francisco.  The  U.N.  charter  consists  of  111  articles.

Organs of the United Nations

The U.N charter provided for six organs of the U.N. It is through these organs that its work is carried out for the fulfilment of the purposes of the U.N. The principal organs of the U.N are :-

The UN General Assembly

1. The General Assembly
2. The Security Council
3. The Economic and Social Council.
4. The Trusteeship Council
5. The International Court of Justice.
6. The Secretariat.

Members of the United Nations

There are 193 United Nations member states, including all undisputed independent states apart from Vatican City.

The Members of UN

Objectives of the United Nations

• Peacekeeping & Security
• Human Rights
• Economic development and humanitarian assistance
• Environmental & Heritage Protection

(For more extensive details please refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations)